![]() Healthy tissue usually contains many different types of cells grouped together. The doctor compares the cancerous tissue with healthy tissue. The grade describes how much cancer cells look like healthy cells when viewed under a microscope. ![]() M1b: The cancer has metastasized to other bones or another organ.ĭoctors also describe primary bone sarcoma by its grade (G). M1a: The cancer has metastasized to a lung. M1: The cancer has metastasized to another part of the body. M0 (M zero): The cancer has not metastasized. The “M” in the TNM system describes whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, called metastasis. N1: The cancer has spread to the regional lymph nodes. N0 (N zero): The cancer has not spread to the regional lymph nodes. NX: The regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated. Bone sarcomas rarely spread to lymph nodes. Lymph nodes in other parts of the body are called distant lymph nodes. Lymph nodes near where the cancer started are called regional lymph nodes. These small, bean-shaped organs help fight infection. The “N” in the TNM staging system stands for lymph nodes. T4b: The tumor has grown around blood vessels or affects blood flow. T4a: The tumor involves the sacroiliac joint and has grown to the holes in the bone through which the nerves travel, called the sacral neuroforamen. T4: The tumor is found on 3 parts of the pelvis or it has crossed the sacroiliac joint, which connects the bottom of the spine with the pelvis. T3: The tumor is found on 2 parts of the pelvis with extraosseous extension. T2: The tumor is located only on 1 part of the pelvis with extraosseous extension or on 2 parts of the pelvis without extraosseous extension. T1: The tumor is located only on 1 part of the pelvis. T0 (T zero): There is no evidence of a primary tumor with no disease outside the bone itself, which is called called extraosseous extension. T4b: The tumor has grown into the great vessels or affects blood flow. T4a: The tumor has grown into the spinal canal. T4: The tumor has grown into the spinal canal or great vessels. T3: The tumor is found on 4 or more adjacent parts of the vertebrae, or it is found on parts of the vertebrae that are not next to each other. T2: The tumor is found only on 3 adjacent parts of the vertebrae. T1: The tumor is found only on 1 part of the vertebrae, called the vertebral segment, or on 2 adjacent parts of the vertebrae. T3: There are more than 1 separate tumors in the primary bone site. T0 (T zero): There is no evidence of a primary tumor. TX: The primary tumor cannot be evaluated. Specific tumor stage information for bone sarcoma is listed below. Stages may also be divided into smaller groups that help describe the tumor in even more detail. A centimeter is roughly equal to the width of a standard pen or pencil. Tumor size is measured in centimeters (cm). Using the TNM system, the “T” plus a letter or number (0 to 4) is used to describe the size and location of the tumor. Here are more details on each part of the TNM system for bone sarcoma: Tumor (T) The stage provides a common way of describing the cancer, so doctors can work together to plan the best treatments. In most primary bone sarcomas, there are 5 stages: stage 0 (zero) and stages I through IV (1 through 4). The results are combined to determine the stage of cancer for each person. Metastasis (M): Has the cancer spread to other parts of the body? If so, where and how much? Node (N): Has the tumor spread to the lymph nodes? If so, where and how many? Bone sarcomas rarely spread to lymph nodes, so removing them is not generally needed. Tumor (T): How large is the primary tumor? Where is it located? Doctors use the results from diagnostic tests and scans to answer these questions: ![]() One tool that doctors use to describe the stage is the TNM system. This page provides detailed information about the system used to find the stage of bone sarcoma and the stage groups for bone sarcoma, such as stage II or stage IV. There are different stage descriptions for different types of cancer. Knowing the stage helps the doctor recommend the best kind of treatment, and it can help predict a patient's prognosis, which is the chance of recovery. Staging is a way of describing where the cancer is located, if and where it has spread, and whether it is affecting other parts of the body.ĭoctors use diagnostic tests to find out the cancer's stage, so staging may not be complete until all of the tests are finished. ON THIS PAGE: You will learn about how doctors describe a cancer’s growth or spread, as well as the way the tumor cells look when viewed under a microscope.
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